The light blue box has a product image, model, and logo on the front. The back lists 4 advantages: “Lightspeed”, “HERO Sensor”, “Long Battery Life”, “Lightweight and Portable”. The detailed specifications are written on the side.

The box itself includes the gaming mouse, USB receiver, extension cable, one AA battery, user manual, warranty card, and safety information. There is no USB-C support.

Connectivity

The G304 works like any old mouse. You plug the USB receiver into a port on your computer, and it can be either USB 2.0 or USB 3.0, it doesn’t affect the performance. I usually don’t use the USB extension cable since this mouse is constantly on my desk, but if you’re a desktop user and your computer is hard to reach, you can use this extension cable again in version 2.0 or 3.0 without losing performance.

Design

Measuring 4.59 x 2.45 x 1.50 inches (116.6 x 62.2 x 38.2 mm), it’s a small mouse, and the “hump” behind the mouse is short. This is very good for people with small hands, but I would assume it would be uncomfortable for large hands. It doesn’t have RGB, the only LED you’ll see on this mouse is the DPI/power profile LED on the top of the mouse. This is most likely done to save battery life. The Logitech G304 weighs less than 100 grams, making it a very light gaming mouse. There is no way to add weight to it unless you modify the mouse. Some people replace the AA battery with an AAA battery in the battery adapter to significantly reduce its weight. Some people also play without the cover just to reduce the weight. There are 4 glide pads on each corner underneath the mouse, and there is also a glide pad around the sensor. If you open the mouse, you will have space to store the key.

Performance

Buttons

The Logitech G304 has 6 programmable buttons that can be configured using the G Hub software. These buttons use Omron switches and are individually rated for 10 million clicks.

If you need more macros or commands, you will need to configure the G Shift command. One problem with this mouse is that its memory can only support one onboard profile, so switching profiles will not be available to you without the G Hub software.

This mouse is loud, if you are sensitive to the click sound, you may not like this mouse. The scroll wheel is standard with rubber coating and serrated edges.

Sensor

The important part of the mouse that we need to discuss is the sensor. The Logitech G304 has the HERO optical sensor, which Logitech boasts about. It can have the same low latency at all DPI settings as a wired gaming mouse. I have to agree with Logitech, the experience of using this mouse was smooth, and I never felt like the mouse was not registering the correct inputs. The experience of using this mouse was pleasant.

The HERO sensor can be adjusted from 200 DPI to 12,000 DPI using the Logitech G Hub software. By default, the mouse already has four DPI profiles configured: 400, 800, 1600, and 3200 DPI, which you can switch between using the DPI button.

The polling rate is also adjustable. You can choose between 4 polling rates: 125 Hz, 250 Hz, 500 Hz, and 1000 Hz.

The lift-off distance is small, it will not track your movement when you lift and adjust the position of the mouse during exciting FPS games. I really enjoyed using this mouse when playing CS:GO, it doesn’t interfere with my aiming when I lift it or make big movements at low DPI.

Battery

It can last up to 250 hours of gaming, but it can be increased if you use endurance mode. The battery cannot be recharged, you can buy a lithium battery and a separate charger so you don’t have to buy too many disposable AA batteries.

What is the difference between Endurance mode and Performance mode? In Endurance mode, the mouse prioritizes battery life by switching the polling rate to 125 Hz, which reduces energy consumption but can introduce slight input lag. This might be beneficial for casual browsing or office work where responsiveness isn’t critical. On the other hand, Performance mode allows you to set the polling rate as high as 1000 Hz, ensuring the smoothest and most responsive tracking possible for fast-paced gaming where every millisecond counts. However, this higher polling rate drains the battery faster, lasting around 180 hours instead of 250 hours.

Software

Like most Logitech peripherals, each device can be controlled and modified using the Logitech G Hub software. The latest version of G Hub offers the same optimized features and ease of use as previous versions. While there’s no flashy lighting or customizable RGB effects on the G304, several other settings are accessible.

As mentioned earlier, all six buttons on the logitech g304 software can be assigned new functions via simple dropdown menus. For instance, you can set a range of preset options for the thumb buttons. But if you want to delve deeper, macro assignments are also possible. While I personally haven’t found significant benefits in customizing a basic six-button mouse, it’s nice to have the option readily available.

More importantly, the software allows me to fine-tune DPI settings to my liking. There’s a button behind the scroll wheel to cycle through pre-set DPI options, with a maximum of five (or less if you prefer fewer, like me). Setting a slower DPI for specific game types and a faster DPI for others simplifies things. But you can load up to five presets if you desire.

G Hub also allows you to toggle the mouse’s report rate if battery life is a concern on the go.

Everyday Use

While primarily marketed for gaming, the G304 also shines as a productivity and office mouse. All buttons are programmable through the Logitech software. I’ve assigned my two side buttons to macros I frequently use during photo and video editing.

Despite its unassuming appearance, the G304 doesn’t scream “gaming mouse” and blends in neatly on your desk. It truly excels in low-sensitivity FPS games where large hand movements are common, something often limited by wired mice. It’s surprising that this mouse maintains low latency even at high polling rates.

For real-time strategy, MOBA, and MMO games, however, it doesn’t offer a significant advantage. Most players in these genres tend to use high sensitivity, requiring minimal hand movements to move characters or pan the screen. The only area where the G304 could enhance gameplay is through a more comfortable hand position.

If minimizing latency during gaming is a top priority, Logitech includes an extension cable for your 2.5 GHz Lightspeed receiver.

One caveat to consider is the size. This mouse caters to smaller hands, and I could comfortably grip it using a claw grip style. Gamers with larger hands might find it uncomfortable, unless they’re comfortable using a claw grip throughout their gaming sessions.

Conclusion

With the future of wireless mice leaning towards improved battery life and lower weight, Logitech has hit the mark with the G304/G305. Thanks to LIGHTSPEED technology and the HERO sensor, they’ve set the bar for entry-level wireless gaming mice.

Pros:

• Affordable
• Lightweight
• Long battery life
• Great performance for the price
• Comfortable for smaller hands

Cons:

• Simple design
• Side buttons have slightly high travel distance
• Not ideal for large hands

Overall, the Logitech G304 is an excellent choice for budget-conscious gamers looking for a reliable and high-performing wireless mouse. Its long battery life, lightweight design, and solid performance make it a compelling option for both gaming and everyday use. However, if you have larger hands or prefer a mouse with more features and customization options, you might want to consider other models.

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What is bitcoin mining?

New bitcoins are produced through bitcoin mining. Simply put, miners form blocks out of transactions, and one or more miners verify each block. A block is uploaded to the blockchain once it has been validated, and the miner(s) that verified it get paid in Bitcoin. “Mining” is the process of validating and committing transactions to the blockchain.

Mining needs pricey equipment and uses a lot of electricity. Finding new blocks becomes increasingly challenging as more individuals begin to mine, and those who are successful in doing so are rewarded with additional Bitcoin.

As the network expands, the amount of Bitcoin given for each block gets smaller over time. This is referred to as the “halving.” The block reward was originally halved in 2012, going from 50 Bitcoin to 25 Bitcoin. The block reward was cut by a second halving in 2016 to 12.5 BTC. 2020 will see the third halving, which will bring down the block reward to around 6.25 BTC.

Mining is a competitive industry, and miners are always seeking for ways to raise their productivity so they can earn more money. The difficulty of discovering new blocks rises as more individuals begin mining, and the incentives might be increased for miners who can do it more quickly.

Since it is how new Bitcoins are produced, it is a crucial component of the Bitcoin system. For their labor in securing and confirming the Bitcoin network, miners are paid with newly minted Bitcoins.

Could Bitcoin mining market reach its bottom?

Bitcoin’s mining activity has seen a resurgence in recent months, even as the cryptocurrency’s price remains well below its all-time high. This could be a sign that the bottom is near for bitcoin, according to analysts at JPMorgan Chase.

The revival in mining activity is notable because it comes after a long period of decline. In the early days of bitcoin, mining was a relatively simple process that could be done with a regular computer. But as the network grew, the difficulty of mining increased and specialized equipment was needed to remain profitable. This led to a consolidation of power among a small group of professional miners, who now control the majority of the network’s hashrate, or computing power.

JPMorgan’s strategists said the recent increase in mining activity suggests that “a new cohort of (professional) miners is entering the market.” This could be a sign that smaller investors are starting to buy into bitcoin again after staying on the sidelines for much of 2018.

It’s also possible that some of the new miners are people who had mined bitcoin in the past but stopped when prices collapsed. Whatever the case, the strategists said the recent increase in hashrate is a positive sign for bitcoin’s long-term prospects.

Is Bitcoin going to survive this?

Bitcoin is certainly going to survive this. It has survived other crashes and will continue to do so. There are several reasons for this:

1) Bitcoin is decentralized, meaning there is no one person or organization that can control it. This makes it much more resilient to attacks and manipulation than other systems.

2) The bitcoin network is global and growing. It now includes hundreds of thousands of computers all around the world that are working to process transactions and secure the network.

3) More and more businesses are starting to accept bitcoin as a form of payment. This increases its utility and makes it more likely that people will want to hold onto their bitcoins.

4) There is a limited supply of bitcoins, which makes them valuable as an investment. The price of a bitcoin can fluctuate based on supply and demand, but over time it has generally been increasing.

5) Bitcoin is still in its early stages and has a lot of potential for growth. As more people learn about it and start using it, the value is likely to continue to increase.

However, there are still some risks that could bring it to the bottom:

1) If too many people start mining bitcoins, the difficulty of the puzzles will increase and it will become more expensive to mine them.

2) If the price of bitcoins falls, then miners will be less likely to continue mining them.

3) If bitcoin mining activity becomes too centralized, then it could be vulnerable to 51% attacks. This could ruin the trust in bitcoin and cause its value to crash.

4) If the electricity used for bitcoin mining starts to have a negative environmental impact, then this could also turn people against it.

5) Bitcoin mining is a big business and there are already a few large companies that control a lot of the mining power. If they start colluding, they could manipulate the bitcoin market to their own benefit.

Conclusion

Data shows that mining activity has picked up significantly in recent months, even as the price of bitcoin has continued to fall. This could suggest that miners are confident that the price of bitcoin will rebound in the future, or it could simply mean that they are more efficient at mining than they were in the past. In any case, it is clear that mining activity is still a significant part of the bitcoin ecosystem, and it is unlikely to slow down anytime soon.

The post How bitcoin’s mining activity could point to a bottom for the cryptocurrency appeared first on PerlSer Vices.

What are meme cryptocurrencies?

The goal of meme cryptocurrencies is to imitate or profit from the success of well-known online memes. One of the most well-known cryptocurrency initiatives is Dogecoin, which initially started as a “joke currency.” Similar to how Shiba Inu (SHIB) and Akita Inu (AKITA) created their own versions of the currency in response to the success of the Dogecoin project.

Dogecoin, which was developed in 2013 as a spoof of the then-popular Bitcoin, is the most well-known meme coin. Numerous additional meme coins, like Safemoon, Shiba Inu, and Elongate, have been produced since then. While some of these coins have attained considerable recognition, others have vanished into oblivion rather rapidly.

When considering investing in a meme crypto, it’s important to do your research and make sure that the project has a solid foundation. Otherwise, you could end up losing your investment.

Where can you buy meme cryptocurrency?

Just like any other cryptocurrency, meme cryptos can be bought and sold on a variety of exchanges. However, due to their relatively low market caps, they are not always listed on the major exchanges.

Instead, you may have to look for smaller exchanges that specialize in altcoins. Some popular examples include Binance, Kucoin, and Crypto.com. Once you’ve found an exchange that lists your desired meme crypto, you’ll need to set up an account and deposit funds before you can start trading.

Should you buy meme cryptocurrencies?

Ultimately, this is a decision that depends on your personal preferences and investment goals. If you’re looking for a serious investment, you’re probably better off putting your money into more established cryptocurrencies like Bitcoin or Ethereum. However, if you’re simply looking to have some fun and potentially make a quick profit, meme coins could be a good option for you. And also, this would develop your crypto wallet as well.

What is Crypto Wallet Development?

A cryptocurrency wallet is a piece of software that manages private and public keys, interacts with various blockchains, and enables users to send and receive virtual currency as well as view their account balance. A digital wallet is required if you want to use Bitcoin or another cryptocurrency.

Crypto wallets can be divided into five types:

– Online cryptocurrency wallets: Although they are the most user-friendly, online wallets, sometimes referred to as web wallets, are also the most susceptible to hacking. Online cryptocurrency storage is more prone to theft than offline cryptographic assets.

– Desktop cryptocurrency wallets: These wallets are installed on computers and provide the user complete control. Due to the fact that it is not constantly connected to the internet like an online Crypto wallet, this sort of wallet is thought to be very secure.

– Mobile cryptocurrency wallets: These are apps that you may download to your phone. Although they are far more convenient to use, they provide the same level of protection as a desktop wallet.

– Hardware cryptocurrency wallets are actual objects used to keep your cryptocurrency offline. Because they are not online and hence cannot be hacked, hardware wallets are regarded as the most secure sort of cryptocurrency wallet.

– Paper cryptocurrency Wallets: A paper wallet is nothing more than a sheet of paper with a private key and a cryptographic address printed on it. Since they are not online and cannot be hacked, paper wallets are regarded as being extremely safe. But if they’re not kept safely, they might go misplaced or stolen.

It’s critical to take your needs for ease and security into account when selecting a crypto wallet. Simple paper wallets to sophisticated hardware wallets can all be used as cryptocurrency wallets. Choosing a wallet that fits your needs and offers the level of security you are pleased with is crucial.

Conclusion

Investing in meme cryptocurrency is new and risky, but it can also be a lot of fun. If you’re considering purchasing meme coins, do your research and only spend money you can afford to lose. Cryptocurrency wallets are a requirement for purchasing and using cryptocurrencies. Wallets come in a wide variety of styles, so it’s crucial to pick one that suits your needs. Paper wallets are preferred by some people because they are thought to be quite secure, but if they are not properly stored, they can be lost or stolen. While hardware wallets might be more expensive and inconvenient to use, they offer a higher level of protection, which is why some people prefer them. The most crucial step when choosing to store meme cryptocurrency is to determine a storage option that works best for you and your meme coins.

The post What are meme cryptocurrencies and should you buy them? appeared first on PerlSer Vices.

There has been an increase in the amount of time people spend using them, but COVID-19 has sped up the trend even further. According to a recent survey published by the analytics platform Data.ai, mobile users started spending 20 percent more time on apps in 2020 compared to 2019. In addition, users not only concentrate on already existing applications but also download brand new ones. The total number of downloads hit 218 billion in 2020 throughout the globe.

Due to the rapid pace of expansion, firms may be motivated to launch applications as quickly as possible and at the lowest possible cost to carve out a portion of the market for themselves. As a result, ready-made solutions, such as cross-platform software, are a popular option. However, apps of this kind cannot boast quick and error-free performance, exceptional stability, an amazing user experience (UX), and a decreased chance of crashes.

Native apps have an advantage here since they can deliver all these features. In the context of mobile apps, this implies a better quality that encourages customers to remain loyal over the long term. We will get deep into native mobile app development here in this article. You will learn more about it, as well as the reasons why you should go for it.

What is native app development?

You might be already familiar with this, that the development of mobile apps can be accomplished through other methods in addition to native app development. Cross-platform and progressive web apps (PWA) are the other two.

Since, in the end, you obtain one app that works on both Android and iOS, developing a cross-platform application is a choice that is both relatively inexpensive and quick. Despite this, there is a strong likelihood that you will encounter performance, user experience, and update ​​issues due to the lack of integrity with the specific operating system.

Customers don’t need to download PWAs since they run in the browser, much like mobile apps. PWAs are just web applications with a better user experience. Despite this, your customers can put them on the main screen if they wish, use the app while offline, and get notifications. It’s quick and simple to keep up with in terms of development.

What exactly is meant by the term “native application,” and how does this kind of program vary from others? The fact that it is fully cooperative with the standards of a certain operating system is its defining feature. Consequently, this leads to increased stability, improved performance, relatively easy maintenance, and simplified scalability. To put it another way, you can save money on additional tasks.

In this situation, you will need to design separate native applications – one for the Android operating system and another for the iOS operating system. Although it is more costly than developing cross-platform and web apps, you might discover that it is more profitable in the long run.

Tools and Technologies

We specialize in developing mobile applications for the iOS and Android platforms, although there are many other operating systems.

When developing a native app, a developer will write their code in a specific programming language that is platform-specific, indicating that it will only run on iOS or Android. In other words, the professional communicates in a way that is understandable to the system. Let’s go a little more in-depth with the technology stack for app development.

Android-Specific Programming

To build high-end applications that run properly on Android, developers need to be fluent in two programming languages:

• At this time, Android developers like using Java over all other programming languages. Java is the language that has usually been used for Android app development. Java is used to develop a substantial portion of Android, and Android’s APIs are designed to be called primarily from Java. You will have major help from the community, and you will rarely come into a challenge that has never been experienced before.
• In Android application development, Kotlin can be thought of more as an evolution of Java. According to the official documentation, “Kotlin is 100 percent fully compatible with the Java programming language. This means you can have as little or as much Kotlin as you want in your project.” This is being widely advertised by Google, and it will offer a more streamlined experience to developers who are already familiar with Java.

Even though some experts prefer to work with them separately, they can be combined. In other words, an Android app can have both Java and Kotlin parts at the same time.

iOS-Specific Programming

iOS developers were previously using only the Objective-C programming language for all of their projects. The release of Swift in 2014, which is already starting to establish itself as the industry standard, changed everything. The key factors for this are the platform’s emphasis on security, its lightning-fast speed, and the strong tools it provides developers with to give their projects some expressiveness.

Advantages of Developing Native Apps

Now that you are familiar with the fundamentals of developing native apps for iOS and Android, it is time to consider why you should choose this particular development method. After examining the specified advantages, you will understand its complete functionality.

Seamless Performance and Fast Operating Speed

When writing code, software engineers are responsible for ensuring that an application will perform as expected when installed on any device. A native approach makes this feasible since it necessitates using components and APIs specific to the operating system. These components already take into consideration the peculiarities that are associated with branded devices. As a result, very few issues come up, and the performance is smooth and quick.

Great UI/UX

There are a number of advantages to be achieved in terms of user interface and user experience when developing an application only for one operating system. The dimensions and resolution of the visuals will not have to be changed to comply with the specifications of the multiple devices. This is an advantage from a technical perspective. As a result, you won’t need to give it more thought.

Native applications provide users with a far higher level of interactivity than cross-platform or web applications. People can quickly get a vibe of a native app since it is developed in accordance with the design guidelines specified. They serve as the North Star and include the well-known user-friendly design features unique to the operating system.

The ultimate benefit of having an intuitive interface is the convenience with which it may be used; users won’t have to spend time puzzling over how to get help or find where the menu is placed.

Superior Safety and Reliability

Since the COVID-19 epidemic has led to a rise in the number of cyberattacks, the problem of data protection is becoming an increasingly critical issue. ​​Data breaches can have a detrimental effect on a company’s image, which can drive customers away. Even enormous companies like Facebook aren’t exempt from the implications of their actions. For instance, users continued to have an unfavorable opinion of the social media network even a year after the Cambridge Analytica data breach.

Native programs have numerous layers of an operating system protecting them. Hence they are quite secure. In addition, only official APIs that may be trusted are used while implementing such a strategy. The fact that programmers don’t employ third-party systems that may exploit the access information makes the difference in terms of the platform’s level of security.

In addition, when you go native, you can give users embedded certification and multi-factor authentication inside the app. This latter functionality is particularly important for an application that requires the confidentiality of sensitive data, such as financial or personal details.

Up-to-Date SDK

IT specialists often use software development kits (SDKs) when building an app. The tools are critical for working on functionality, using device hardware, or handling user inputs. Native application development means a greater degree of flexibility in terms of the capabilities that are accessible. This is because both Apple and Google are continually updating these tools.

With each new version, the SDK involves intensive modifications and improvements. It makes it possible for engineers to reduce the overall amount of issues and provides a higher level of reliability. As a direct consequence, the application’s performance is almost flawless, and there is little risk that it may crash.

Easy to Launch in the App Stores

Launching an application might sometimes become an unsolvable problem since mobile stores can simply refuse to recognize the app as a valid submission. In order to prevent such a pathetic scenario, developers have to ensure that every piece of the app is in accordance with the requirements. Because native apps are designed from the beginning to comply with the guidelines set by either Android or iOS, their launch process is far more streamlined and accelerated.

Hardware Features

Your native app will not only have superb performance and a one-of-a-kind user experience, but it will also have complete access to all of the hardware features. This sets the stage for more sophisticated capabilities by permitting the use of a camera, GPS, or microphone.

Access to the Available Expertise Pool

When developing an application, it is always a good idea to hire a professional developer with extensive knowledge and, if feasible, years of experience in the field. Regarding expertise, specialists whose primary emphasis is on cross-platform apps are new compared to those who have mastered a native path. This is because cross-platform apps are still relatively new, while programs for iOS and Android have been around for more than ten years.

Because of this, it is much simpler to find a competent native app developer familiar with all of the particulars of the operating problem in OS. When such a professional is involved, the development can proceed more quickly while minimizing the risk of error.

Scalability

Scalability refers to the possibility of an app to successfully handle the growth of the product. It entails increasing traffic and load, growing the number of users, and adding new features. Because of how the app was designed, it may easily attract new users without requiring any important changes to the core functionality.

If you have a cross-platform app, you will have to help both Android and iOS users. As a result, scaling becomes more difficult since you need to maintain a high level of performance while minimizing the likelihood of experiencing crashes as the number of users grows.

On the other hand, a native app is designed only for users of iOS or Android. Therefore, the process will be easier for you due to the increased number of possibilities to separate the data flow. At the same time the apps promise a better future since they use the hardware more effectively than cross-platform ones. This results in a massive decrease in the limits of expansion.

Advanced Customization

Since there are no limits, it is possible to customize things in more advanced ways. Let’s assume for a moment two different situations: you have a choice to make. In one scenario, you are the only one who should be pleased with the solution. In another scenario, it is expected that all of the other relevant stakeholders should also approve it. Even if there are just two more people to satisfy, this choice is not a simple one. How about an additional ten or twenty?

The same is applicable when developing an application. There is no need for the developers to integrate the capabilities of the two operating systems. They have the option of concentrating on Android or iOS to develop a one-of-a-kind application with extensive customization. Moreover, operating systems provide various adaptable tools and solutions. However, the availability of cross-platform frameworks is quite restricted.

Is it a Good Idea to Go Native?

If you are looking to develop a mobile application of the best quality, the correct approach is to use native mobile app development. The app will become your primary source of differentiation from the competition due to its eye-catching design, high-resolution visuals, lightning-fast operation speed, and extensive feature set. Although you will have to pay more for all of the perks, there is a good chance that some of them will provide a return on investment over the long run, especially since they need minimal maintenance.

Please let us know if you want more assistance or if you like to get pricing information. We are always here for you.

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We know that IT professionals need to constantly learn new skills and upgrade the ones they already have. Therefore we are constantly improving our training, expanding opportunities for learning and development.

Every year our catalog is replenished with courses in all the relevant areas of Software Engineering: software development, architecture and software testing, system and business analysis, big data and machine learning, Agile, project management or any other area related to the IT industry.

Our courses are intensive, hands-on training for companies who want to establish a process of continuous IT team development, and for IT professionals who want to improve performance and take their careers to the next level.

In 2021, we’re adding 10 new courses for Python, C and C++ developers, infrastructure engineers, analysts, project managers and other team members.

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How do you check requirements testing?

Well known “requirements requirements” – completeness, unambiguity. Consistency, efficiency, testability, etc. I call such “requirements to requirements” mantras, because it is far from always clear how to test them reliably.

However, for testing, any defect in requirements means redoing test scripts, test data, automated scripts, and retesting. Therefore, testing expertise is more interested in verifying these mantras than any other expertise.

We think that an effective way to verify is to design test scripts early on. Maybe not even test scripts, but test conditions or test ideas – a set of high-level ideas of what and why (but not how) to test.

And in parallel begin to build a visualization of the relationship of test scenarios and requirements and requirements (where and what is tested), which will later be converted into a full coverage matrix.
Requirements and testing without test cases and/or without testers

It used to be believed that programmers could successfully test their own code (not only unit testing is meant), so there was no need for testers. Later it was realized that this was not true, but the idea to do without testers still exists.

The new approach is testing with the help of analysts. Note, however, that testing in general and test-design in particular is its own engineering field with its own rules and technologies. If an analyst is not proficient in test engineering, he or she will not be able to perform testing at the required level and within the required timeframe. But if he is proficient in this engineering, he is a tester (though it happens very rarely).

Finally, let us remember about defects of requirements, in finding which testers are extremely interested. So, analysts will search for them themselves? It reminds of the situation with programmers who test their own code. The success of such an activity is doubtful.

Requirements and testing in maintenance projects

The peculiarity of maintenance projects in particular is that small demands cause small code revisions but may require large amounts of testing. Typical examples are field additions, code refactoring, etc. This means that all the accepted proportions concerning the ratio of programmers and testers, or labor costs for development and testing can be broken. Here we focus on an adequate and reasonable estimate of labor costs for testing, which only testers know how to do.

Requirements and changes

Above we mentioned the construction of a matrix of requirements coverage by test scenarios. Since all projects may undergo (and actually do undergo) changes, building and updating of the coverage matrix is an obligatory activity of the testing process.

The coverage matrix allows to quickly get answers to the following questions:

• What test scenarios are testing a particular requirement?
• What requirements does a particular test scenario test?

The need to answer the first question arises when estimating the labor costs for testing a change in the requirement. The need to answer the second question arises when assessing the criticality of a defect found by running a test scenario.

Requirements Related Testing Risks

The most common testing risks due to imperfect requirements are:

• Poor quality of requirements by the time testing begins, preventing the development and application of quality test scenarios
• Late start of testing activities, not allowing you to meet testing deadlines and budgets
• Absence or untimely execution of a quality requirements review, not allowing all testing activities to be executed with the required quality
• Neglect of the requirements coverage matrix by test scenarios (for example, omission of part of the requirements is revealed by accident)

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KSQL is an SQL engine for Kafka that provides an interactive SQL interface that allows you to write queries for stream processing instead of writing a lot of code. KSQL is particularly well suited for fraud detection and real-time applications.

KSQL provides scalability and supports distributed stream processing operations, including aggregations, joins, windowing, etc. In addition, unlike SQL, where a database or batch processing system is invoked, query results in KSQL are produced continuously. Before moving on to writing threaded queries, let’s briefly review the basic concepts of KSQL.

KSQL threads and tables

An event stream is an unrestricted stream of individual events independent of each other, and an update or record stream is a stream of updates to previous records with the same key.

KSQL is based on the similar concept of queries from a Flow or Table. While a Flow is an infinite series of events or facts that do not change, in a Table, you can use a query to update facts or even delete them.

The terminology may vary, but the basic concepts are almost the same, and if you are familiar with Kafka Streams, you will feel confident with KSQL as well.

KSQL Architecture

KSQL uses Kafka Streams to build and retrieve query results. KSQL consists of two components, the KSQL SLI and the KSQL server. It uses standard SQL tools such as MySql, Oracle, and even Hive can be used with the SLI when writing KSQL queries. The best of all versions of KSQL is the open source version (the licensed version of Apache 2.0).

The SLI is also a client that connects to the KSQL server. The KSQL server handles queries and retrieves data from Kafka and writes the results to Kafka.

KSQL works in two modes: standalone mode, which is used for prototyping, and development mode, or distributed mode, which is used with KSQL when working in a real-world data environment.

Although KSQL is an excellent tool as of this writing and works well for SQL data streaming, KSQL should be viewed as a developer preview tool that is not designed to work with production clusters.

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